Effects of Training on Running Cost and Aerobic Capacity in Individuals with Obesity.

This study investigated running cost (CRun), peak oxygen consumption (V̇ O2peak), and ventilatory threshold (VT1) responses to exercise programs for individuals with obesity. Ninety-four individuals (38.2±7.7 years; 33.4±2.9 kg/m²) were assigned into strength (n=24), endurance (n=26), combined (n=22), and physical activity (control, n=22) groups for 22 weeks, plus diet recommendation. The V̇ O2peak, VT1, and CRun were assessed through a maximal incremental step test. The change of V̇ O2peak in combined (9.9%) differed from the other groups, with lower values in women than men (0.7% vs. 6.2%). The VT1 change in combined (16.4%) differed from the strength (4.9%) and physical activity (1.2%) groups, with the change in endurance (12.7%) also being higher than the physical activity group. Only men in the combined group increased absolute V̇ O2peak, while both sexes increased VT1 in the endurance and combined groups. No effects for groups and sex were significant for CRun in moderate (VT1) running zones, despite CRun changes in VT1 zones correlated with the alterations of V̇ O2peak and VT1 (r²=0.29-0.59). Therefore, moderate aerobic exercise stimulus is suitable for VT1 improvement in individuals with obesity, with the increase in CRun associated to the chances of increasing V̇ O2peak in men and when combining strength with aerobic exercises.

Analysis of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Psychophysiological Variables in Basketball Athletes.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a progressive muscle relaxation program on psychological (stress levels, anxiety, and mood states) and physiological (blood pressure and heart rate) variables in basketball athletes. Fifty-nine basketball players, aged 14 to 19 years, and members of Bauru Basket team, were recruited for this study and grouped into control group (CG, n = 30) and intervention group (IG, n = 29). The participants were evaluated, before and after the intervention, by the following means: Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2), to measure the pre-competitive anxiety state, i.e., how anxious each athlete felt just before the competition; Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), an instrument for early detection of overtraining syndrome; Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport), to identify the extent to which each athlete was physically or mentally stressed and the athlete's current capability for recovery; Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), specifically developed for athletes. The IG athletes participated in 12 progressive muscle relaxation sessions, a practice for tensing or tightening a specific muscle until an ideal state of relaxation is reached. Each participant had blood pressure and heart rate measured before and after every session. The CG athletes were evaluated similarly to those in the IG but without relaxation. The results showed statistically significant differences in cognitive anxiety (p = 0.039) and specific stress (p = 0.016) between CG and IG before the intervention; in addition, a significant heart rate decrease (p < 0.01) between IG and CG was noted.

Energetics contribution during no-gi Brazilian jiu jitsu sparring and its association with regional body composition.

We used measurements of metabolic perturbation obtained after sparring to estimate energetics contribution during no-gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Ten advanced grapplers performed two six-minute sparring bouts separated by 24 hours. Kinetics of recovery rate of oxygen uptake was modelled and post-combat-sparring blood-lactate concentration measured to estimate oxygen equivalents for phospholytic and glycolytic components of anaerobic energetics, respectively. Linear regression was used to estimate end-combat-sparring rate of oxygen uptake. Regional and whole-body composition were assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry with associations between these measurements and energy turnover explored using Pearson's correlation coefficient (significance, P < 0.05). Estimated oxygen equivalents for phospholytic and glycolytic contributions to anaerobic metabolism were 16.9 ± 8.4 (~28%) and 44.6 ± 13.5 (~72%) mL∙kg-1, respectively. Estimated end-exercise rate of oxygen uptake was 44.2 ± 7.0 mL∙kg-1∙min-1. Trunk lean mass was positively correlated with both total anaerobic and glycolytic-specific energetics (total, R = 0.645, p = 0.044; glycolytic, R = 0.692, p = 0.027) and negatively correlated with end-exercise rate of oxygen uptake (R = -0.650, p = 0.042). There were no correlations for any measurement of body composition and phospholytic-specific energetics. Six minutes of no-gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu sparring involves high relative contribution from the glycolytic component to total anaerobic energy provision and the link between this energetics profile and trunk lean mass is consistent with the predominance of ground-based combat that is unique for this combat sport. Training programs for Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners should be designed with consideration given to these specific energetics characteristics.

Association between obesity and knee osteoarthritis in users of brazilian unified national health system / Associação entre obesidade e osteoartrite de joelhos em usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde

Verify possible associations between obesity and knee OA in users of Brazilian Unified National Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) of primary care network in Catalão-GO, Brazil. This is an observational study conducted in 2014 and 2015. A total of 81 volunteers from the Basic Attention Network in the city of Catalão, with body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m2 in both sexes, age between 40 and 60 years, and OA on radiological examination of the knee. Obesity was classified according to BMI. The diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) was made clinically and by radiography according to Kellgren radiological classification. The level of physical activity was assessed using the Baecke questionnaire and the Gordon Functional Classification. The volunteers underwent an anthropometric evaluation and physical examination with inspection and palpation of the joint and subsequent radiological examination of the knee. The volunteers answered a questionnaire on the level of physical activity and functional classification. Data analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test or chi-square test was used for comparisons of two proportions. In comparisons of continuous variables, Student's t-test or the nonparametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used. The level of significance was set to 5%. Practice of regular physical exercise decreases functional impairment in obese individuals with knee OA. The weight variable demonstrated a strong association with the severity of OA and degree of functionality of patients. Obesity and OA durations and lack of patient guidance are variables that may contribute to the progression of knee OA. Although the incidence among men is lower, they are more severely affected and anthropometric evaluation and physical examination are an efficacy implementations for Brazilian users of SUS.

Verificar possíveis associações entre obesidade e osteoartrite (OA) de joelho em usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) da cidade de Catalão-GO. Trata-se de um estudo observacional realizado entre 2014 e 2015. Participaram deste estudo 81 voluntários da Rede de Atenção Básica da cidade de Catalão, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) acima de 30 kg / m2 em ambos os sexos, idade entre 40 e 60 anos e OA no exame radiológico do joelho. A obesidade foi classificada de acordo com o IMC. O diagnóstico de OA foi feito clinicamente e por radiografia de acordo com a classificação radiológica de Kellgren. O nível de atividade física foi avaliado pelo questionário de Baecke e pela Classificação Funcional de Gordon. Os voluntários responderam a uma avaliação antropométrica e exame físico com inspeção e palpação da articulação e posterior exame radiológico do joelho. Os voluntários responderam a um questionário sobre o nível de atividade física e classificação funcional. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste exato de Fisher ou o teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparações de duas proporções. Nas comparações das variáveis contínuas, utilizou-se o teste t de Student ou o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. A prática de exercício físico regular diminui o comprometimento funcional em indivíduos obesos com OA de joelho. A variável peso demonstrou uma forte associação com a gravidade da OA e o grau de funcionalidade dos pacientes. Obesidade e duração da OA e falta de orientação do paciente são variáveis que podem contribuir para a progressão da OA do joelho. Embora a incidência entre os homens seja menor, eles são mais gravemente afetados. Adicionalmente, a avaliação antropométrica e o exame físico são procedimentos complementares eficazes para usuários brasileiros do SUS.

Women's femoral mass content correlates to muscle strength independently of lean body mass / A massa femoral das mulheres relaciona-se com a força muscular independentemente da massa magra / La masa femoral de las mujeres se relaciona con la fuerza muscular, independiente de la masa magra

ABSTRACT Introduction There is limited consensus regarding the recommendation of the most effective form of exercise for bone integrity, despite the fact that weight training exercise promotes an increase in muscle mass and strength as recurrent responses. However, strength variations in women do not depend on muscle mass development as they do in men, but strength enhancement has shown the potential to alter bone mineral content (BMC) for both sexes. Objective This study analyzed the potential of muscle strength, as well as that of whole-body and regional body composition, to associate femoral BMC in young women. Methods Fifteen female college students (aged 24.9 ± 7.2 years) were assessed for regional and whole-body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Maximum muscle strength was assessed by the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test in the following exercises: bench press (BP), lat pulldown (LP), knee flexion (KF), knee extension (KE) and 45° leg press (45LP). Linear regression analyzed BMC relationships with regional composition and 1RM values. Dispersion and error measures (R 2 aj and SEE), were tested, defining p ≤0.05. Results Among body composition variables, only total lean body mass was associated with femoral BMC values (R 2 aj = 0.37, SEE = 21.3 g). Regarding strength values, 1RM presented determination potential on femoral BMC in the CE exercise (R 2 aj = 0.46, SEE = 21.3 g). Conclusions Muscle strength aptitude in exercises for femoral regions is relevant to the femoral mineralization status, having associative potential that is similar to and independent of whole-body lean mass. Therefore, training routines to increase muscle strength in the femoral region are recommended. In addition, increasing muscle strength in different parts of the body may augment bone remodeling stimulus, since it can effectively alter total whole-body lean mass. Level of Evidence II; Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients (with universally applied reference ''gold'' standard).

RESUMO Introdução Há pouco consenso em relação à recomendação sobre o exercício mais efetivo para a integridade óssea, apesar de o exercício com peso apresentar como respostas recorrentes o aumento da força e da massa muscular. Contudo, entre mulheres as variações da força não dependem do desenvolvimento da massa muscular, tanto quanto em homens, mas o aumento da força tem evidenciado potencial para alterar o conteúdo mineral ósseo (BMC) em ambos os sexos. Objetivos O presente estudo analisou o potencial da força muscular, assim como da composição regional e corporal, ao associar o BMC do fêmur entre as mulheres jovens. Métodos Quinze universitárias (24,9 ± 7,2 anos) foram avaliadas quanto à composição regional e corporal por meio de absorciometria por duplo feixe de raios-X (DXA). A força muscular máxima foi avaliada por uma repetição máxima (1RM) nos exercícios de supino-reto (SR), puxada-alta (PA), flexão do joelho (FJ), extensão do joelho (EJ) e leg press 45° (LP45). A regressão linear analisou as relações de BMC com a composição regional e os valores de 1RM. Foram testadas medidas de dispersão e erro (R2aj e EPE), definindo p≤0,05. Resultados Entre as variáveis da composição corporal, apenas a massa magra corporal total associou-se aos valores de BMC femoral (R2aj=0,37, EPE=21,3 g). Em relação aos valores de força, 1RM no exercício de CE apresentou potencial de determinação sobre o BMC femoral (R2aj=0,46, EPE=21,3 g). Conclusão A aptidão da força muscular em exercícios para regiões próximas ao fêmur é relevante para o estado de mineralização femoral, com potencial associativo similar e independente à massa magra corporal. Recomenda-se, portanto, rotinas de treinamento para aumentar a força muscular da região próxima ao fêmur; adicionalmente, o aumento da força para diferentes regiões corporais pode potencializar o estímulo sobre a remodelação óssea, uma vez que é efetivo na alteração da massa magra corporal total. Nível de Evidência II; Desenvolvimento de critérios diagnósticos em pacientes consecutivos (com padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado).

RESUMEN Introducción Hay poco consenso con relación a la recomendación sobre el ejercicio más efectivo para la integridad ósea, a pesar de que el ejercicio con peso presenta como respuestas recurrentes el aumento de la fuerza y de la masa muscular. Sin embargo, entre mujeres las variaciones de la fuerza no dependen del desarrollo de la masa muscular, tanto como en hombres, sino que el aumento de la fuerza ha evidenciado potencial para alterar el contenido mineral óseo (BMC) en ambos sexos. Objetivos El presente estudio analizó el potencial de la fuerza muscular, así como de la composición regional y corporal, al asociar el BMC del fémur entre las mujeres jóvenes. Métodos Quince universitarias (24,9 ± 7,2 años) fueron evaluadas cuanto a la composición regional y corporal por medio de absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA). La fuerza muscular máxima fue evaluada por una repetición máxima (1RM) en los ejercicios de press de banca recto (PBR), remada alta (RA), flexión de rodilla (FR), extensión de rodilla (ER) y leg press 45° (LP45). La regresión lineal analizó las relaciones de BMC con la composición regional y los valores de 1RM. Fueron probadas medidas de dispersión y error (R2aj y EEE), definiendo p≤0,05. Resultados Entre las variables de la composición corporal, sólo la masa magra corporal total se asoció a los valores de BMC femoral (R2aj=0,37, EEE=21,3 g). Con relación a los valores de fuerza, 1RM en el ejercicio de CE presentó potencial de determinación sobre el BMC femoral (R2aj=0,46, EEE=21,3 g). Conclusión La aptitud de la fuerza muscular en ejercicios para regiones próximas al fémur es relevante para el estado de mineralización femoral, con potencial asociativo similar e independiente a la masa magra corporal. Se recomiendan, por lo tanto, rutinas de entrenamiento para aumentar la fuerza muscular de la región próxima al fémur; adicionalmente, el aumento de la fuerza para diferentes regiones corporales puede potencializar el estímulo sobre la remodelación ósea, dado que es efectivo en la alteración de la masa magra corporal total. Nivel de Evidencia II; Desarrollo de criterios diagnósticos en pacientes consecutivos (con patrón de referencia "oro" aplicado).

Genetic Variants Related to Cell Cycle and Stability of Telomere in Patients with Glioma.

Background: Glioma, most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, is highly aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. Evaluate the association of polymorphisms related of to the cell cycle, integrity and DNA repair with gliomas, as well as lifestyle habits, comorbidities, survival and response to treatment. Methods: Were studied 303 individuals distributed into: Study Group - 100 patients with gliomas, regardless of the degree of malignancy, and Control Group - 203 individuals without clinical signs of the disease. These polymorphisms were genotyped by TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assay. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: Smoking, alcohol consumption, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and diabetes mellitus (DM) prevailed in patients, compared to controls (P=0.0088, P=0.0001, P=0.0001, P=0.0011, respectively). In the logistic regression analysis, alcohol consumption and SAH were identified as independent risk factors for gliomas (P=0.0001, P=0.0027, respectively). Patients with low-grade gliomas showed survival in one year (92.0±6.8%), compared to patients with high-grade gliomas (24.0±5.3; P=0.011). Conclusion: Polymorphisms involved in cell cycle, telomere protection and stability and DNA repair are not associated with gliomas. On the other hand, alcohol consumption and SAH stand out as independent risk factors for the disease. Low-grade gliomas, response to treatment and the combination of chemotherapy with Temozolomide and radiation therapy show increased survival of patients.

Bone health, muscle strength and lean mass: relationships and exercise recommendations / Saúde óssea, força muscular e massa magra: relações e recomendações de exercícios / Salud ósea, fuerza muscular y masa magra: relaciones y recomendaciones de ejercicios

ABSTRACT Although muscle strength, lean mass and bone mineral content/density (BMC/BMD) are consistently reported as major outcomes of resistance training (RT), there is still no agreement on the RT regimen that is capable of achieving this result in men and women of different ages. This study describes the effects of RT on muscle strength, lean mass and bone mineralization, highlighting the relationships between them and analyzing the effectiveness of the RT protocol. Information searches were conducted in open access online academic libraries, using the BMC/BMD indices combined with muscle strength, body composition, and resistance exercises. The results showed changes in BMC/BMD in 72% of the studies published in the last decade. Among these, 77% recommended loads ≥ 80% 1-RM, 61% involved older individuals (> 60 years) and 61% had planning protocols of between 3 and 5 months (~12-20 weeks). The results also highlight muscle strength as a promising index of variations in BMC/BMD, with a moderate to high level of association (r2>0.5), which are specific for men and women in relation to the body region with best responsiveness. Among the studies published in last decade, about 61% had protocols involving only RT, and of these, 82% observed combined changes in BMC/BMD, body composition and muscle strength. This review therefore concludes that RT is important for improving muscle strength, increasing lean mass (whole-body and regional) and preventing risk factors that could impair the mineral integrity of the bone tissue, in individuals of all ages and sexes. Level of Evidence I; Systematic review of Level I RCTs (and study results were homogenous).

RESUMO Apesar de a força muscular, a massa magra e o conteúdo/densidade mineral óssea (BMC/BMD) serem sistematicamente relatados como os principais resultados do treinamento resistido (TR), ainda não há acordo sobre o protocolo de TR capaz de promover esse resultado em homens e mulheres de diferentes faixas etárias. O presente estudo descreve os efeitos do TR sobre força, massa magra e mineralização óssea, destacando as relações entre eles e analisando a eficiência do protocolo de TR. As pesquisas das informações foram feitas em bancos de dados acadêmicos de acesso aberto, usando os indexadores "BMC/BMD" combinados com força muscular, composição corporal e exercícios resistidos. Os resultados mostraram mudanças no BMC/BMD em 72% dos estudos publicados no último decênio. Entre estes, 77% recomendaram cargas ≥ 80% DE 1 RM, 61% envolveram idosos (> 60 anos) e 61% tiveram protocolos de planejamento entre 3 e 5 meses (~12 a 20 semanas). Os resultados também destacam a força muscular como um índice promissor de variações de BMC/BMD, com nível moderado a alto de associação (r2>0,5), que são específicos para homens e mulheres em relação à região corporal com melhor responsividade. Entre os estudos publicados no último decênio, cerca de 61% tinham protocolo que envolveu apenas TR e deles, 82% observaram alterações conjuntas de BMC/BMD, composição corporal e força muscular. Portanto, esta revisão conclui que o TR é importante para melhorar a força muscular, aumentar a massa magra (regional e corporal) e prevenir fatores de risco que podem comprometer a integridade mineral do tecido ósseo, em qualquer faixa etária e de ambos os sexos. Nível de Evidência I; Revisão sistemática de ECRC (Estudos clínicos randomizados e controlados).

RESUMEN A pesar de que la fuerza muscular, la masa magra y el contenido/densidad mineral ósea (CMO/DMO) se informan sistemáticamente como los principales resultados del entrenamiento resistido (ER), todavía no hay acuerdo sobre el protocolo de ER capaz de promover ese resultado en hombres y mujeres de diferentes grupos de edad. El presente estudio describe los efectos del ER sobre la fuerza muscular, masa magra y mineralización ósea, destacando las relaciones entre ellos y la eficiencia del protocolo de ER. La investigación de las informaciones fue hecha en bases de datos académicas de acceso abierto, usando los indexadores "BMC/BMD" combinados con fuerza muscular, composición corporal y ejercicios resistidos. Los resultados mostraron cambios en el CMO/DMO en 72% de los estudios publicados en el último decenio. Entre estos, 77% recomendaron cargas ≥ 80% 1 RM, 61% involucraron a persona mayores (>60 años) y 61% tenían protocololos de planificación de entre 3 y 5 meses (~12-20 semanas). Los resultados también destacan la fuerza como un índice prometedor de variaciones de CMO/DMO, con nivel moderado a alto de asociación (r2>0,5), que son específicos para hombres y mujeres en relación a región corporal con mejor respuesta. Entre los estudios publicados en el último decenio, alrededor de 61% tenían protocolo que involucra sólo ER y de ellos, el 82% observaron alteraciones conjuntas de CMO/DMO, composición corporal y fuerza muscular. Por lo tanto, esta revisión concluye que el ER es importante para mejorar la fuerza muscular, aumentar la masa magra (regional y corporal) y prevenir factores de riesgo que pueden comprometer la integridad mineral del tejido óseo, en cualquier grupo de edad y de ambos sexos. Nivel de Evidencia I; Revisión sistemática de ECRC (Estudios clínicos randomizados y controlados).

Genetic variants related to angiogenesis and apoptosis in patients with glioma.

BACKGROUND: Glioma, the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, is highly aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association of genetic polymorphisms related to angiogenesis and apoptosis with gliomas, as well as comorbidities, lifestyle, clinical profile, survival and response to treatment (temozolomide [TMZ] and radiotherapy [RT]) in patients with the disease. METHODS: In a total of 303 individuals, genotypes were performed by real-time PCR, and clinical data, lifestyle and comorbidities were obtained from medical records and questionnaires. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Smoking, alcohol consumption, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and body mass index prevailed among patients, compared to controls (p < 0.05). The heterozygous genotype rs1468727 (T/C) and the homozygous genotype rs2010963 (G/G) (p > 0.05) were observed in both groups. Lifestyle and comorbidities showed independent risk factors for the disease (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0069, p = 0.0394, respectively). Patients with low-grade gliomas had a survival rate of 80.0 ± 1.7% in three years. For the combination of TMZ+RT, survival was 78.7 ± 7.6% in 20 months, compared to TMZ only (21.9 ± 5.1%, p = 0.8711). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variants were not associated with gliomas. Specific lifestyle habits and comorbidities stood out as independent risk factors for the disease. Low-grade gliomas showed an increase in patient survival with TMZ+RT treatment.

Genetic variants related to angiogenesis and apoptosis in patients with glioma / Variantes genéticas relacionadas à angiogênese e apoptose em pacientes com glioma

ABSTRACT Background Glioma, the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, is highly aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association of genetic polymorphisms related to angiogenesis and apoptosis with gliomas, as well as comorbidities, lifestyle, clinical profile, survival and response to treatment (temozolomide [TMZ] and radiotherapy [RT]) in patients with the disease. Methods In a total of 303 individuals, genotypes were performed by real-time PCR, and clinical data, lifestyle and comorbidities were obtained from medical records and questionnaires. The significance level was set at 5%. Results Smoking, alcohol consumption, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and body mass index prevailed among patients, compared to controls (p < 0.05). The heterozygous genotype rs1468727 (T/C) and the homozygous genotype rs2010963 (G/G) (p > 0.05) were observed in both groups. Lifestyle and comorbidities showed independent risk factors for the disease (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0069, p = 0.0394, respectively). Patients with low-grade gliomas had a survival rate of 80.0 ± 1.7% in three years. For the combination of TMZ+RT, survival was 78.7 ± 7.6% in 20 months, compared to TMZ only (21.9 ± 5.1%, p = 0.8711). Conclusions Genetic variants were not associated with gliomas. Specific lifestyle habits and comorbidities stood out as independent risk factors for the disease. Low-grade gliomas showed an increase in patient survival with TMZ+RT treatment.

RESUMO Introdução Glioma, tumor cerebral maligno, é altamente agressivo e associado a mau prognóstico. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a associação de polimorfismos genéticos relacionados a angiogênese e apoptose em pacientes com glioma, bem como suas comorbidades, hábitos de vida, perfil clínico, sobrevida e resposta ao tratamento (temozolomida [TMZ] e radioterapia [RT]). Métodos 303 indivíduos foram genotipados por PCR em tempo real, e foram coletados dados clínicos, hábitos de vida e comorbidades. Admitiu-se nível de significância para valor p < 0,05. Resultados Tabagismo, elitismo, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus e índice de massa corporal prevaleceram entre os pacientes, comprados aos controles (p < 0,05). O genótipo heterozigoto rs1468727 (T/C) e homozigoto rs2010963 (G/G) (p > 0,05) foram observados em ambos os grupos. Tabagismo, elitismo, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus e índice de massa corporal apresentaram fatores de risco independentes para a doença (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0069, p = 0.0394, respectivamente). Os pacientes com gliomas de baixo grau apresentaram sobrevida de 80,0 ± 1,7% em três anos. Para a combinação de RT e TMZ, a sobrevida foi de 78,7±7,6% em 20 meses, em comparação com TMZ (21,9 ± 5,1%, p = 0,8711). Conclusões As variantes genéticas não estiveram associadas aos gliomas. Hábitos de vida e comorbidades específicas destacaram-se como fatores de risco independentes para a doença. O tratamento com TMZ + RT mostrou aumento na sobrevida dos pacientes.

Muscular strength and regional lean mass influence bone mineral health among young females / Força muscular e massa magra regional influenciam a saúde mineral óssea entre jovens mulheres / Fuerza muscular y masa magra influencian la salud mineral ósea entre jóvenes mujeres

ABSTRACT Introduction: Strength training is able to stimulate bone tissue metabolism by increasing mechanical stress on the skeletal system. However, the direct relationship is not yet well established among younger women, since it is necessary to describe which strength enhancement level is able to produce effective changes in bone integrity. Objectives: This study analyzed the influence of muscle strength on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) among female college students. Methods: Fifteen women (24.9 ± 7.2 years) were assessed for regional and whole-body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The one-repetition maximum (1-RM) tests were assessed on flat bench press (BP), lat pulldown (LPD), leg curl (LC), knee extension (KE), and 45 degree leg press (45LP). Linear regression analyzed the relationships of BMC/BMD with regional composition and 1-RM test values. Measures of dispersion and error (R2 adj and SEE) were tested, defining a p-value of 0.05. Results: The mean value of whole-body BMC was 1925.6 ± 240.4 g and the BMD was 1.03 ± 0.07 g/cm2. Lean mass (LM) was related to BMC (R2 adj = 0.86, p<0.01, and SEE = 35.6 g) and BMD (R2 adj = 0.46, p<0.01, SEE = 0.13 g) in the lower limbs (LL). The 1-RM tests in BP were associated with BMC and BMD (R2 adj = 0.52, p<0.01, SEE = 21.4 g, and R2 adj = 0.68, p<0.01, SEE = 0.05 g/cm2, respectively) in the upper limbs, while the 1-RM tests in KE were related to BMC and BMD (R2 adj = 0.56, p<0.01. SEE = 62.6 g, and R2 adj = 0.58, p<0.01, SEE = 0.11 g/cm2, respectively) in the lower limbs. Conclusions: Hence, the 1-RM tests for multi-joint exercises are relevant to the regional BMC/BMD, reinforcing the need to include resistance exercises in training routines with the purpose of improving muscular strength and regional lean mass, thereby ensuring a healthy bone mineral mass. Level of Evidence II; Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients (with applied reference ''gold'' standard).

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento de força é capaz de estimular o metabolismo do tecido ósseo, aumentando o estresse mecânico sobre o sistema esquelético. No entanto, a relação direta ainda não está bem estabelecida entre as mulheres mais jovens, uma vez que deve ser descrito qual nível de aprimoramento da força é capaz de induzir mudanças efetivas na integridade óssea. Objetivos: Este estudo analisou a influência da força muscular sobre o conteúdo mineral ósseo (BMC) e a densidade mineral óssea (BMD) entre estudantes universitárias. Métodos: Quinze mulheres (24,9±7,2 anos) foram avaliadas quanto à composição regional e corporal através de absorciometria com raios-X de dupla energia (DEXA). Os testes de repetição máxima (1RM) foram avaliados no supino reto (SR), puxada alta (PA), flexão do joelho (FJ), extensão do joelho (EJ) e leg press 45° (LP45). A regressão linear analisou as relações de BMC/BMD com a composição regional e valores dos testes 1RM. As medidas de dispersão e erro (R2 aj e SEE) foram testadas definindo p ≤0,05. Resultados: O valor médio do BMC corporal foi de 1925,6 ± 240,4 g e BMD de 1,03 ± 0,07 g/cm2. A massa magra (MM) foi relacionada ao BMC (R2 aj=0,86, p<0,01 e SEE=35,6 g) e à BMD (R2 aj=0,46, p<0,01, SEE = 0,13 g/cm2) nos membros inferiores (MI). Os testes 1RM no SR associaram-se com o BMC e à BMD (R2 aj=0,52, p<0,01, SEE=21,4 g, e R2 aj=0,68, p<0,01, SEE=0,05 g/cm2, respectivamente) nos membros superiores, assim como os testes 1RM na EJ relacionaram-se ao BMC e à BMD (R2 aj=0,56, p<0,01, SEE=62,6 g, e R2 aj=0,58, p<0,01, SEE=0,11 g/cm2, respectivamente) nos MI. Conclusões: Dessa forma, os testes 1RM para exercícios multiarticulares são relevantes para o BMC/BMD regional, intensificando a necessidade de incluir exercícios resistivos nas rotinas de treinamento com o propósito de melhorar a força muscular e a massa magra regional e, portanto, assegurar uma massa mineral óssea saudável. Nível de Evidência II; Desenvolvimento de critérios diagnósticos em pacientes consecutivos (com padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado).

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento de fuerza es capaz de estimular el metabolismo del tejido óseo, aumentando el estrés mecánico sobre el sistema esquelético. Sin embargo, la relación directa aún no está bien establecida entre las mujeres más jóvenes, dado que debe ser descrito qué nivel de mejora de la fuerza es capaz de inducir cambios efectivos en la integridad ósea. Objetivos: Este estudio analizó la influencia de la fuerza muscular sobre el contenido mineral óseo (BMC) y la densidad mineral ósea (BMD) entre estudiantes universitarias. Métodos: Quince mujeres (24,9±7,2 años) fueron evaluadas cuanto a la composición regional y corporal a través de absorciometría con rayos-X de doble energía (DEXA). Los tests de repetición máxima (1RM) fueron evaluados en el supino recto (SR), dominada alta (DA), flexión de la rodilla (FR), extensión de la rodilla (ER) y leg press 45° (LP45). La regresión lineal analizó las relaciones de BMC/BMD con la composición regional y valores de los tests 1RM. Las medidas de dispersión y error (R2 aj y SEE) fueron probadas definiendo p ≤0,05. Resultados: El valor promedio del BMC corporal fue de 1925,6 ± 240,4 g y BMD de 1,03 ± 0,07 g/cm2. La masa magra (MM) fue relacionada al BMC (R2 aj=0,86, p<0,01 y SEE=35,6 g) y a la BMD (R2 aj=0,46, p<0,01, SEE = 0,13 g/cm2) en los miembros inferiores (MI). Los tests 1RM en el SR se asociaron con el BMC y a la BMD (R2 aj=0,52, p<0,01, SEE=21,4 g, y R2 aj=0,68, p<0,01, SEE=0,05 g/cm2, respectivamente) en los miembros superiores, así como los testes 1RM en la ER se relacionaron al BMC y a la BMD (R2 aj=0,56, p<0,01, SEE=62,6 g, y R2 aj=0,58, p<0,01, SEE=0,11 g/cm2, respectivamente) en los MI. Conclusiones: De esa forma, los tests 1RM para ejercicios multiarticulares son relevantes para el BMC/BMD regional, intensificando la necesidad de incluir ejercicios resistivos en las rutinas de entrenamiento con el propósito de mejorar la fuerza muscular y la masa magra regional y, por lo tanto, asegurar una masa mineral ósea saludable. Nivel de Evidencia II; Desarrollo de criterios diagnósticos en pacientes consecutivos (con estándar de referencia "oro" aplicado).

Muscle strength and regional lean body mass influence on mineral bone health in young male adults.

The relationship between muscle strength and bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) is supposed from the assumption of the mechanical stress influence on bone tissue metabolism. However, the direct relationship is not well established in younger men, since the enhancement of force able to produce effective changes in bone health, still needs to be further studied. This study aimed to analyze the influence of muscle strength on BMC and BMD in undergraduate students. Thirty six men (24.9 ± 8.6 y/o) were evaluated for regional and whole-body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). One repetition maximum tests (1RM) were assessed on flat bench-press (BP), lat-pull down (LPD), leg-curl (LC), knee extension (KE), and leg-press 45° (LP45) exercises. Linear regression modelled the relationships of BMD and BMC to the regional body composition and 1RM values. Measurements of dispersion and error (R2adj and standard error of estimate (SEE)) were tested, setting ρ at ≤0.05. The BMD mean value for whole-body was 1.12±0.09 g/cm2 and BMC attained 2477.9 ± 379.2 g. The regional lean mass (LM) in upper-limbs (UL) (= 6.80±1.21 kg) was related to BMC and BMD for UL (R2adj = 0.74, p<0.01, SEE = 31.0 g and R2adj = 0.63, SEE = 0.08 g/cm2), and LM in lower-limbs (LL) (= 19.13±2.50 kg) related to BMC and BMD for LL (R2adj = 0.68, p<0,01, SEE = 99.3 g and R2adj = 0.50, SEE = 0.20 g/cm2). The 1RM in BP was related to BMD (R2adj = 0.51, SEE = 0.09 g/cm2), which was the strongest relationship among values of 1RM for men; but, 1RM on LPD was related to BMC (R2adj = 0.47, p<0.01, SEE = 44.6 g), and LC was related to both BMC (R2adj = 0.36, p<0.01, SEE = 142.0 g) and BMD (R2adj = 0.29, p<0.01, SEE = 0.23 g/cm2). Hence, 1RM for multi-joint exercises is relevant to BMC and BMD in young men, strengthening the relationship between force and LM, and suggesting both to parametrizes bone mineral health.

Conhecimento de indivíduos com diabetes mellitus na Estratégia de Saúde da Família / Knowledge of individuals with diabetes mellitus in the family health strategy

Objetivo: analisar o conhecimento dos indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em cinco unidades de Estratégia Saúde da Família, em um município de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Método: estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, com amostra estratificada de 222 indivíduos. Utilizou-se o questionário Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire e, para a análise, estatística descritiva. Resultados: a maioria, 148 (66,7%), era do sexo feminino; idade 62 ± 12 anos e tempo da doença de 11 ± 8 anos. Para 181 (81,5%) dos indivíduos, os escores foram maiores que oito, indicando conhecimento satisfatório quanto à doença. Obteve-se alto índice de erros quanto à hipoglicemia (70%), substituições de alimentos (50%) e gerenciamento da doença em situações específicas e princípios gerais dos cuidados da doença (65%). Conclusão: apesar do conhecimento satisfatório sobre a doença, ações de promoção da saúde devem ser reforçadas pelos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família com vista ao empoderamento dos indivíduos com diabetes mellitus.

Idosos praticantes e não praticantes de exercícios físicos: uma comparação do estado de equilíbrio / Elderly practitioners and non physical exercise practitioners: a comparison of the balance of state

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o equilíbrio corporal estático edinâmico entre um grupo de idosos praticantes de exercícios físicos (hidroginástica) e um grupo de idosos não praticantes de exercícios físicos. Através dos resultados, utilizando ametodologia proposta, verificou-se que, ao analisar individualmente os grupos do pré- para o pós-teste, ambos não obtiveram melhoras significativas. Ao comparar, porém, o equilíbrio entre os dois grupos no pré- e pós-teste pode-se afirmar que houve melhoras significativas nogrupo de praticantes de hidroginástica, com p=0,046 (pré-teste), e p=0,038 (pós-teste).(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the static and dynamic body balance among a group of elderly practitioners of physical exercise (aerobics) and a non-practicing group of elderly of exercise. From the results using the proposed method, it was found that by individually analyzing the groups for the pre-post test, both not achieved significant improvement. But when comparing the balance between the two groups in the pre and post-test can be stated that there was significant improvement in the group of water gymnastics classes, with p = 0,046 (pre-test), p = 0,038 (post-test).(AU)

Idosos praticantes e não praticantes de exercícios físicos: uma comparação do estado de equilíbrio / Elderly practitioners and non physical exercise practitioners: a comparison of the balance of state

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o equilíbrio corporal estático e dinâmico entre um grupo de idosos praticantes de exercícios físicos (hidroginástica) e um grupo de idosos não praticantes de exercícios físicos. Através dos resultados, utilizando a metodologia proposta, verificou-se que, ao analisar individualmente os grupos do pré- para o pós-teste, ambos não obtiveram melhoras significativas. Ao comparar, porém, o equilíbrio entre os dois grupos no pré- e pós-teste pode-se afirmar que houve melhoras significativas no grupo de praticantes de hidroginástica, com p=0,046 (pré-teste), e p=0,038 (pós-teste).

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the static and dynamic body balance among a group of elderly practitioners of physical exercise (aerobics) and a non-practicing group of elderly of exercise. From the results using the proposed method, it was found that by individually analyzing the groups for the pre-post test, both not achieved significant improvement. But when comparing the balance between the two groups in the pre and post-test can be stated that there was significant improvement in the group of water gymnastics classes, with p = 0,046 (pre-test), p = 0,038 (post-test).

Conhecimento dos alunos de graduação em educação física sobre exercício físico para indivíduos com diabetes mellitus / Level of knowledge of physical education students on physical exercise for people with diabetes mellitus / Conocimentos de los alumnos de grado en educación física sobre la actividad física para individuos con diabetes mellitus

Este estudo transversal teve como objetivo analisar o conhecimento de alunos de bacharelado em Educação Física sobre diabetes e exercício físico.A amostra foi constituída de 69 alunos de três cursos de bacharelado em Educação Física, em 2011. Para a coleta de dados foi elaborado questionário com 27 questões relacionadas ao conhecimento sobre conceitos da doença, sinais e sintomas e exercício físico. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos apresentaram índice satisfatório de acertos na categoria exercício físico e insatisfatório na categoria conceitos, sinais e sintomas. Das 27 questões, obteve-se média de 11,1±3,4 para as respostas corretas e de 15,0±2,8 para as incorretas; 23 alunos deixaram de responder alguma questão, média de 2,4±2,7. Recomenda-se agregar às disciplinas da grade curricular conteúdos sobre conceitos, sinais e sintomas e exercício físico relacionado à doença. Assim, o educador físico poderá contribuir para a integralidade da atenção à saúde.

This is a cross-sectional study that aims at analysing the level of knowledge of Physical Education undergraduate students on diabetes and physical exercise. The random sample consisted of 69 students from three physical education university courses in 2011. Data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of 27 questions related to concepts of the disease, its signs and symptoms and physical exercise. Results showed that the students had satisfactory marks in physical exercise questions and inadequate in concepts, signs and symptoms. Regarding the number of answers,the average of correct answers was 11.1±3.4; the average of incorrect answers was 15.0±2.8. Twenty-three students failed to answer all questions (average of 2.4±2.7). The researchers recommend that concepts, signs and symptoms and physical exercise applied to people with diabetes mellitus should be added to the course curriculum; therefore, the physical education teacher will be able to contribute to comprehensive health care delivery.

Este estudio de corte transversal se propuso analizar el conocimiento de los estudiantes de Educación Física sobre diabetes y actividad física. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 69 estudiantes de tres cursos de grado en Educación Física, en 2011. Los datos fueron recogidos por medio de un cuestionario con 27 preguntas relacionadas con el conocimiento sobre los conceptos, señales y síntomas de la enfermedad y el ejercicio físico. Los resultados mostraron que el conocimiento de los estudiantes era suficiente en ejercicio físico e insuficiente en conceptos, señales y síntomas. De las 27 preguntas, hubo un promedio de 11,1 ±3,4 de respuestas correctas y de 15,0 ±2,8 de respuestas incorrectas. Veintitrés estudiantes no contestaron alguna de las preguntas, lo cual representa un promedio de 2,4 ±2,7. Se recomienda incluir en las asignaturas del plan de estudios contenidossobre conceptos, señales y síntomas y ejercicio físico relacionado con la Diabetes Mellitus. De esta manera, el educador físico podrá contribuir a laintegralidad de la atención de la salud.

Efeito do treinamento aquático no perfil lipídico e na hipertrofia ventricular esquerda de camundongos hiperlipidêmicos / Effect of water training on the lipid profile and left ventricular hypertrophy in hyperlipidemic mice

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento aquático (TA) no perfil lipídico e nas estruturas ventriculares esquerdas de camundongos hiperlipidêmicos. Foram utilizados 28 camundongos LDLr-/-, machos, divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: sedentários alimentados com ração padrão (C); treinados alimentados com ração padrão (C+TRE), sedentários alimentados com ração hiperlipídica (HL) e treinados alimentados com ração hiperlipídica (HL+TRE). Os animais dos grupos treinados praticaram TA em intensidade moderada, por 60 minutos durante 60 dias consecutivos. Após 48 horas do término do período de treinamento e 12 horas de jejum de repouso os animais foram eutanasiados, o sangue coletado e o soro utilizado para análises laboratoriais de triglicérides, colesterol total e suas frações (LDL, HDL, VLDL). O coração foi removido e o ventrículo esquerdo foi pesado a fresco para se calcular a proporção do peso ventricular esquerdo (mg)/ peso do animal (g). Os resultados mostraram que o TA sem cargas adicionais foi mais eficiente na melhora das concentrações plasmáticos de lipídeos quando acompanhado por uma dieta adequada, confirmando que a associação exercício físico com dieta equilibrada é essencial para obtenção de seus benefícios. O treinamento ocasionou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda excêntrica no grupo alimentado com dieta padrão e, principalmente, diminuiu o depósito de colágeno intersticial no miocárdio dos animais alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica, o que pode indicar uma melhora na função diastólica com consequente melhora da função sistólica. Concluiu-se que o treinamento aquático de intensidade leve a moderada induz adaptações benéficas e profiláticas ao coração, promovendo saúde e prevenindo doenças.

This study assessed the effects of Water training on the lipid profile and left ventricular structures in hyperlipidemic mice. Twenty-eight male LDLr-/- mice were randomly separated into 4 groups: sedentary, fed a standard diet (C); exercising, fed a standard diet (C+TRE); sedentary, fed a hyperlipidic diet (C+HL); and exercising, fed a hyperlipidic diet (E+HL). The exercising mice trained daily for 60 minutes during 60 days. After 48 hours of the end of the training period and 12 hours of rest fasting the animals were underwent euthanasia and the blood was collected for measuring the plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and its fractions (LDL, HDL, VLDL). The heart was removed and the left ventricle was weighed fresh to calculate the ratio left-ventricle weight (mg)/body weight (g). The results showed that the training was more effective in improving lipid plasma levels when combined with a balanced diet, thereby confirming that it is essential to associate physical exercise and diet. The training protocol resulted in eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy in the standard-diet group and decreased interstitial collagen deposition in the myocardium of the high-fat-diet animals, which may indicate an improved diastolic function with consequent improvement in the systolic function. It was concluded that regular moderate aerobic exercise induce beneficial and prophylactic adaptations to heart which promoted a better health condition and prevention to diseases.

Association of musculoskeletal disorders with activity performed in the workplace / Associação dos distúrbios músculo-esqueléticos com a atividade desempenhada no local de trabalho

The aim of the present study was to analyze the association between the activity performed in the workplace and symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in different body regions. We evaluated 146 employees, divided into two sectors: sector I (n=61), cleaning and building maintenance, and sector II (n=85), administrative sector. The employees answered the census of the ergonomics questionnaire that assesses MSD reported in different body regions. In sector I, 39.6% (n=19) of the employees had symptoms in the lower limbs, with an association between activity performed and body region reported (p=0.025). In sector II, 51.7% (n=31) of the employees had symptoms in the neck and 26.7% (n=16) in the wrist, with an association between activity performed and body region reported (p=0.001 and p<0.002, respectively). The results showed that employees had MSD symptoms associated with the activity performed, indicating the need to develop specific interventions for each kind of orkplace.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a associação entre as atividades realizadas no local de trabalho com os sintomas de distúrbios músculo-esquelético (DMS) na região do corpo. Foram avaliados 146 funcionários, separados em setor I (n=61) que trabalham com limpeza e manutenção predial; setor II (n=85), os funcionários trabalham no setor administrativo. Os funcionários responderam o questionário Censo de ergonomia que avalia a DMS em diferentes regiões do corpo. No setor I, 39,6% (n=19) dos funcionários relataram sintomas nos membros inferiores com associação entre a atividade realizada e a região do corpo (p=0,025). No setor II, 51,7% (n=31) dos funcionários apresentaram sintomas no pescoçoe 26,7% (n=16) no punho, com associação entre a atividade exercida e a região do corpo (p=0,001, p=0,002, respectivamente). Os resultados mostraram que os funcionários apresentavam associação dos sintomas de DMS com a atividade realizada. Assim, o desenvolvimento de intervenções específicas para cada tipo de trabalho mostra-se necessária.

The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice.

Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb - C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.

Estratégias de enfrentamento em jogadores de futebol / Coping strategies in football players

O objetivo deste estudo foi, identificar escores de interesse relativos às estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas entre jogadores de futebol profissional e amador. Participaram 134 jogadores de futebol do sexo masculino, 71 profissionais (idade=22,77±3,98 anos) e 63 amadores (idade=17,18±0,84 anos) de três equipes que participam dos Campeonatos Estaduais da Primeira Divisão. Os jogadores responderam individualmente a Escala Modos de Enfrentamento de Problema. O nível de significância adotado foi P<0,05. Quando comparadas as estratégias de enfrentamento por categoria e posição de jogo, os laterais amadores utilizaram mais o pensamento fantasioso/práticas religiosas (P=0,042) do que os profissionais. A estratégia focalizada no problema foi a mais utilizada tanto por profissionais como por amadores, exceto pelos laterais amadores, que utilizavam mais pensamento fantasioso/práticas religiosas.

The aim of this study was to identify scores of interest related to coping strategies used by professional and amateur football players. Participants were 134 male football players, 71 professionals (age=22,77±3,98 years) and 63 amateurs (age=17,18±0,84) from three teams participating on the First Division State Championship). The players answered individually to the Coping with Problems Scale. Significance level was P<0.05. When coping strategies were compared based on game position and player category (professional or amateur), lateral player amateurs used more wishful thinking /religious practices (P=0.042) than professionals. Coping Focused Problem was the most used strategy used by both the professionals and amateurs, except the amateur laterais, who used more wishful thinking /religious practices.